Difference between revisions of "Unit 1: Biochemistry"

From Dougster BioWiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 33: Line 33:
 
Cation= positive ion.
 
Cation= positive ion.
  
Hydrogen bond= Bond between hydrogen and an electronegative atom. See [[Water|high specific heat]].
+
Hydrogen bond= Bond between hydrogen and an electronegative atom. See [[Water|high specific heat]]. '''LINK LEADS NOWHERE.'''
  
 
Acid= Substance that '''increases''' the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
 
Acid= Substance that '''increases''' the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
Line 46: Line 46:
 
Hydrocarbon= Molecule of only hydrogen and carbon.
 
Hydrocarbon= Molecule of only hydrogen and carbon.
  
Macromolecule= Very large molecule. These include [[carbohydrates]], proteins, and nucleic acids.
+
Macromolecule= Very large molecule. These include [[carbohydrates]], proteins, and nucleic acids. '''YOU CAN REMOVE THE LINK LEADING TO AN EMPTY PAGE.'''
  
 
Polymer= Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
 
Polymer= Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
Line 56: Line 56:
 
Lipid= Not soluble in water. Most common types are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
 
Lipid= Not soluble in water. Most common types are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
  
Fat= Large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions.
+
Fat= Large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions.....'''WHAT ARE THOSE SMALLER MOLECULES/COMPONENTS??'''
  
 
Fatty acids= Long carbon skeleton and a carboxyl group.
 
Fatty acids= Long carbon skeleton and a carboxyl group.
Line 65: Line 65:
  
 
Steroids= Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings  
 
Steroids= Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings  
 
+
[[File:Image 2020-12-22 124116.png|thumb|Protein Structures]]
 
Catalyst= Something that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
 
Catalyst= Something that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
  
Amino Acids= Building blocks of proteins. Made up of an amino group, and a carboxyl group.
+
Amino Acids= Building blocks of proteins. Made up of an amino group, and a carboxyl group.....'''INCLUDE A PICTURE PLEASE SO YOU CAN IDENTIFY WHAT ATOMS MAKE UP AMINO AND CARBOXYL GROUPS!'''
  
 
Peptide bond= Bond between 2 amino acids.
 
Peptide bond= Bond between 2 amino acids.
Line 75: Line 75:
  
 
Protein= One or more connected polypeptides.
 
Protein= One or more connected polypeptides.
 +
 +
 +
'''THE SEPARATION YOU HAVE FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS IS USEFUL. PLEASE DO THE SAME FOR LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND CARBOHYDRATES'''
  
 
== Nucleic acids ==
 
== Nucleic acids ==

Revision as of 10:45, 22 December 2020

Elements

Matter = Anything that takes up space and has mass.

Element = Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

Essential element = Elements required for an organism to live and reproduce. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen are the main essential elements. There are also some trace elements.

Atom diagram

Atom = Smallest unit of matter. Still retains the properties of an element.

Subatomic particles = two nuclear subatomic particles: Proton (+tive charge) and neutrons (no charge); and 1 orbiting subatomic particle: Electron (-tive charge).

atomic number= number of protons.

atomic mass= Average weight of number of protons plus neutrons.

isotope= Different atomic forms of the same element (different number of neutrons).

Valance shell= outer shell of electrons. Bonding part of an atom. Either 2 (first) or 8 (all others) electrons.

Chemical bond= sharing or taking of electrons.

covalent bond= sharing a pair of two valence electrons by two atoms. It is the strongest bond.

Ionic bond= Atom taking an electron from another atom. Forms between a cation and a anion. Weak bond in aqueous solutions.

Electronegativity = The power of an atom to attract electrons to itself.

Non polar bond= Electrons are shared equally.

Polar bond= Electrons are not shared equally.

Anion= negative ion.

Cation= positive ion.

Hydrogen bond= Bond between hydrogen and an electronegative atom. See high specific heat. LINK LEADS NOWHERE.

Acid= Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base= Substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Molecules

Molecule = substance consisting of 2 or more elements. Not necessarily different.

Compound = substance consisting of 2 or more different elements.

Hydrocarbon= Molecule of only hydrogen and carbon.

Macromolecule= Very large molecule. These include carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. YOU CAN REMOVE THE LINK LEADING TO AN EMPTY PAGE.

Polymer= Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

Monomer= The similar or identical building block used in a polymer.

Enzyme= Protein that is a catalyst.

Lipid= Not soluble in water. Most common types are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Fat= Large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions.....WHAT ARE THOSE SMALLER MOLECULES/COMPONENTS??

Fatty acids= Long carbon skeleton and a carboxyl group.

Triacylglycerol= 3 fatty acids, and one glycerol molecule.

Phospholipid= 2 fatty acids and glycerol and a phosphate group.

Steroids= Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Protein Structures

Catalyst= Something that starts or speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Amino Acids= Building blocks of proteins. Made up of an amino group, and a carboxyl group.....INCLUDE A PICTURE PLEASE SO YOU CAN IDENTIFY WHAT ATOMS MAKE UP AMINO AND CARBOXYL GROUPS!

Peptide bond= Bond between 2 amino acids.

Polypeptide= Polymer of amino acids.

Protein= One or more connected polypeptides.


THE SEPARATION YOU HAVE FOR NUCLEIC ACIDS IS USEFUL. PLEASE DO THE SAME FOR LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND CARBOHYDRATES

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acid= Polymer made of nucleotides. The two types are DNA and RNA.

DNA= Provides instruction for protein synthesis.

Nucleotide= Sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Nucleoside= Sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Nitrogenous base= A nitrogenous base for DNA can be: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, or Cytosine. For RNA it can be Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine.